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Medical Glossary of Hepatitis C Terms
Medical Glossary of Hepatitis C Terms
AAbdomen Abdominal ABSTRACT: a written summary of the important points of a medical article. ACCELERATED APPROVAL: FDA regulations governing early marketing approval of promising drugs for life-threatening illnesses. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS): a syndrome characterized by
suppression of the immune system, rendering the body susceptible to various
illnesses; the late, symptomatic stage of HIV disease. Acetaminophen Acute ACUTE HEPATITIS: the initial stage of viral hepatitis following infection. In HCV, acute hepatitis refers to the first six months of infection ADHERENCE: following a prescribed treatment regimen, including correct dosage, timing, and number of doses per day.
an undesired action or effect of a drug or other treatment. Aflatoxin : a fungal toxin which is a powerful liver carcinogen (a substance that causes cancer). ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS - Hepatitis with unique pathologic liver injury varying widely in severity and caused by chronic, heavy alcohol ingestion Alimentary canalcontinuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus in which food is processed and eliminated Albumin : is the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total). It is synthesized by liver. It have three main functions :
Albumin decrease when production decreases (liver disease,
malnutrition) or loss increases (kidney disease). ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT; formerly SGPT): an enzyme (also called alanine transaminase) produced in the liver when the membranes of liver cells break down. ALT levels are measured to help assess the degree of liver damage and determine how well HCV treatment is working. A normal level is below 48 IU/L ALBUFERON (albumin-interferon alpha 2b): a form of time-released interferon under study to treat chronic HCV. Developed by Human Gnome Sciences. ALBUMIN: a blood protein produced by the liver that plays a role in maintaining normal blood volume. A low albumin level is associated with liver cirrhosis. A normal level is 3.2-5.0g.
brand name of human leukocyte-derived interferon-alpha-n3, produced by ISI Pharmaceuticals. Alkaline phosphatase: protein found in bile duct cell membranes; blood levels may be increased in any liver disease, but more markedly with cholestasis. Abnormal alkaline phosphatase levels are associated with liver disease and bone and muscle damage. A normal level is 35-125 IU/L.
a transplant of genetically matched
cells, tissues, or organs between two members of the same species. a protein, measurable in the blood, that is often elevated in people with liver cancer. It's elevated (normal value <15 ng/ml) in:
Ammonia : is a toxic by-product of protein metabolism that is transformed in urea (non toxic) by liver cells. In advanced liver diseases there is a build-up of ammonia, due to liver dysfunction. (normal value <50 mg/dl). AMPLICOR/COBALT AMPLICOR: brand name of a PCR-based viral load test for HCV and HIV ANECDOTAL: evidence based on reports of specific individual cases rather than controlled clinical studies
Anemia ANESTHESIA
(adjective ANESTHETIC): an agent that controls
pain. Localized anesthesia blocks pain in a given area; general
anesthesia produces unconsciousness.
an abnormally stretched, dilated section of a
blood vessel that is prone to bursting.
chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle
receives inadequate oxygen.
an agent that kills or inhibits the growth of
bacteria.
a protein produced by plasma cells (a type of
immune system white blood cell) when they encounter foreign invaders.
Specific antibodies bind to specific invaders, or antigens, and target
them for destruction. The presence of antibodies indicates current
infection with or past exposure to a pathogen.
the presence in the blood of antibodies against a
specific pathogen such as HCV.
an assay that detects the presence of antibodies
in a blood sample; ELISA and RIBA tests are used to detect HCV
antibodies.
a drug that reduces or delays blood coagulation or
clotting.
a drug that prevents or reduces convulsions or
seizures.
a drug that elevates the mood and alleviates
mental depression. There are several types, including selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), MAO inhibitors, and tricyclics.
a drug that relieves nausea and vomiting.
a drug or other agent than prevents or reduces the
development of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
any agent or substance that stimulates an immune
response. Antigens are often foreign invaders such as bacteria or
viruses. a drug that blocks the action of histamine, a chemical messenger in the body. Antihistamines are used to prevent or alleviate allergic reactions and to reduce stomach acid production. ANTI-NUCLEAR ANTIBODY TEST - ANA Laboratory test, when positive suggests the presence of some form of autoimmune illness.
ANTIOXIDANT: a substance that reduces oxidation by
binding with and neutralizing free radicals. The body produces natural
antioxidants, and they are also available in foods and dietary
supplements (e.g., vitamin E, selenium).
Artery
examination of arteries (after injection of
a dye) to look for damage and blockages.
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal
(peritoneal) cavity. Ascites may be a symptom of advanced liver disease
with decompensated cirrhosis.
an enzyme (also called aspartate transaminase)
produced in the liver. When liver cells are damaged, AST is released.
Elevated levels may indicate liver disease, but are also seen in people
with muscle damage. A normal level is below 42 IU/L.
a test, especially one used to detect the presence
or amount of an agent in the blood or body tissues.
an herb used to stimulate the immune system. It is
an ingredient in many Chinese herbal formulas.
a method of analyzing the results of a clinical
trial that includes only participants who successfully complete a course
of the treatment, excluding those who drop out early. Contrast with
intent-to-treat analysis.
not feeling or showing outward symptoms or signs
of a disease.
a condition in which blood vessels harden and
loose their elasticity due to the build-up of fatty material (plaques).
an antibody that targets the body's own tissues.
a condition in which a person's immune system
produces antibodies that attack the body's own tissues. Several
conditions associated with advanced hepatitis C (e.g., lichen planus,
Sjögren's syndrome) appear to have an autoimmune aspect.
an inflammatory, autoimmune condition in which the
immune system attacks the thyroid gland. without obvious signs or symptoms of disease. AZATHIOPRINE - Drug marketed with trade name Imuran. Used to treat a number of diseases of unknown or autoimmune cause. Also used to treat organ transplant recipients to help prevent graft rejection. Ba simple single-celled microorganism. Bacteria
are classified by their shape (e.g., rod, spirochete), staining
properties (Gram positive or Gram negative) and habitat (aerobic,
anaerobic). an initial or known value (e.g., ALT level, HCV viral load) against which later measurements can be compared. Basophils : are a type of granulocytes with large basophilic granules that contain histamine. They are not phagocytic.
a type of immune system white blood cell.
B-cells mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies. a written, self-report questionnaire used to
gauge clinical depression. a disease that presents as ulcerations in the
eyes, mouth and genitals but can affect any organ of the body. a mild, non-lethal illness, especially a
non-cancerous tumor. Contrast with malignant. in a clinical trial, a false association that
results from to the failure to account for some skewing or influencing
factor. a greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile contains cholesterol, lecithin, water, bile salts and waste products such as bilirubin and some drugs. Bile salts allow the digestion and the intestinal absorption of fats and then of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K).
Bile duct BILIRUBIN:
a yellowish pigment released when red blood cells
are broken down. Normally bilirubin is processed and excreted by the
liver. An excess level of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
may indicate liver damage, and can lead to jaundice (yellowing of the
skin and whites of the eyes), pale-colored stools, and dark urine. A
normal bilirubin level is below 1.3mg.
a protein synthesized by the liver that binds to
and transports substances such as vitamins, minerals, hormones, and
fats.
the degree to which a drug or other substance is
absorbed and circulated in the body.
a favorable response to treatment as indicated by
normalization of blood values (e.g., liver enzyme levels).
a technique in which people learn to use signals
from their own bodies to influence physiological functions.
natural pigments found in fruits and vegetables
that increase absorption of vitamin C.
a procedure in which a sample of cells or tissue
is taken for laboratory examination. Liver biopsies are used to monitor
liver disease progression in people with HCV.
a method of conducting clinical trials in which
participants do not know who is taking an experimental treatment, a
standard (control) treatment, or a placebo. In a blinded study, the
volunteers do not know what treatment (if any) they are receiving. In a
double-blind study, neither the volunteers nor the researchers
administering the treatment know who is receiving what. Blinding is done
to reduce bias in drug trials. In the case of medical necessity, a study
may be unblinded to reveal who is receiving what treatment. a pathogen that is transmitted through direct blood-to-blood contact, for example, through sharing dirty needles or through a blood transfusion. Blood Cell : there are three main types of cell in the blood stream :
are a type of white blood cells involved in the production of antibodies (humoral immunity). When stimulated by an antigen, they evolve into plasma cells, that produce specific antibodies against that antigen.
the infusion of blood or blood components
into an individual for the treatment of a medical condition.
Transfusions may be homologous (from a donor) or autologous (previously
stored blood from the recipient).
a measurement of body fat determined by dividing a
person's weight (in kilograms) by height (in meters squared).
healing techniques (e.g., massage therapy,
reflexology) that involve manipulating or applying pressure to the body.
the soft, spongy material inside certain long bones where blood cells are produced. Board Certified
mild mental confusion, memory loss, and/or lack of
concentration and alertness. May be a symptom of toxic chemical build-up
due to impaired liver function. See hepatic encephalopathy.
an test that measures the amount of virus (viral
load) in plasma or tissues using a chemical signal emitted by viral
genetic material. the return of detectable viral load or high ALT levels in a person who had previously achieved a good virological or biochemical treatment response. Budd-Chiari Syndrome : it's a rare disease characterized by occlusion of hepatic veins, usually accompanied by ascites, hepatomegaly, and pain in abdomen.
the emergence of newly produced virus particles
through a host cell membrane.
a test that measures the amount of a certain waste
product (nitrogen) excreted by the kidneys.
an herb traditionally used in Chinese medicine to
treat liver conditions. CCADAVER: the body of a dead person. a recently deceased person who
has donated an organ or tissue. a malignant neoplasm or tumor
characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. Types include carcinoma
(which affects epithelial cells), sarcoma (which affects soft tissues),
lymphoma and leukemia (which affect lymphoid tissue), and glioma (which
affects brain tissue). a condition that causes premature graying of the hair. Capsid : the proteic coat that covers the genome (DNA or RNA) of a virus. The capsid is built up of subunits that self assemble in a pattern typical of a particular virus.
tiny blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to and remove waste products from cells. Caput medusae: literally "Medusa's head"; dilated, varicose veins around the umbilicus, which may be seen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
an organic molecule composed
mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates constitutes
a major class of nutrients, and are present in foods such as bread and
pasta. an agent that promotes the
development of cancer. a malignant tumor of the
epithelial cells that line body surfaces and cavities. Carcinoma in situ
refers to an early stage of cancer that has not invaded surrounding
tissues. having to do with the heart. having to do with to the
circulatory system (the heart and blood vessels). a person who does not show
symptoms or have active disease, but who carries an infectious organism
and can transmit it to others. a description of a specific
clinical case, that is, the development of disease and response to
treatment in a single individual. non-intimate contact between
individuals (e.g., hugging, eating, working together) that does not
involve transfer of body fluids and therefore does not pose a risk for
transmission of blood-borne diseases. an FDA classification for drug
safety during pregnancy. Category A drugs have not shown a risk to
fetuses in controlled studies. Category X includes drugs which animal
and human studies or common experience have shown to cause fetal
abnormalities or miscarriages. a type of white blood cell that
helps the body fight infection. the number of CD4 lymphocytes in one cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood. The CD4 count is one indicator of the progression of HIV disease. A CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 is a diagnostic criteria for AIDS.
a type of white blood cell that
helps regulate and/or carry out the body's immune response. CD8 cells
include T-suppressor cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. the basic unit of living
organisms. A cell contains a nucleus and a cell wall (in plants) or a
cell membrane (in animals) which surrounds the cellular material, called
cytoplasm. the U.S. federal government
agency within the Department of Health and Human Services that monitors
the occurrence of diseases and develops policies for preventing disease
and maintaining the health of the population. the brain and spinal cord.
a disorder characterized by
inflammation and cell death in arteries. having to do with the flow of
blood to the brain. Ceruloplasmin: copper transporter protein; blood levels are usually decreased in Wilson's disease.
a delivery procedure that
involves making an incision through the abdominal wall to remove an
infant from the uterus (womb). chronic fatigue immune
dysfunction syndrome. See chronic fatigue syndrome. a chemical, secreted by certain
immune system cells, that acts as a messenger between cells and
stimulates the activity of cells. a system of treatment based on
manipulation of the spine. an agent (especially an herb)
that improves bile flow. inflammation of the bile duct,
often characterized by jaundice. obstruction of the flow of bile
between the liver, the gall bladder, and the small intestine. a fatty substance in animal
tissue that is an essential component of cell membranes, certain
hormones, and nerve fiber insulation. Cholesterol is manufactured by the
liver, and is also present in certain foods. There are two primary types
of cholesterol in the blood, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is
considered a risk factor for heart disease; and high-density lipoprotein
(HDL), which is considered protective. a long-term or persistent
disease. Contrast with acute. a condition in which HCV or HBV
continues to replicate and infect new cells after six months. an illness characterized by
prolonged fatigue, neurological problems, joint and muscle pain, and/or
impairment of the ability to function normally for six months or longer.
liver inflammation lasting
longer that six months. a type of liver damage in which
normal liver cells are replaced with fibrous scar tissue. In compensated
cirrhosis, the liver is damaged but can still function. In decompensated
cirrhosis, liver function is severely impaired and scar tissue
interferes with normal blood flow through the liver, potentially leading
to bleeding varices, ascites, "brain fog," and other symptoms. removal or elimination,
e.g., of a virus or drug from the body. relating to the treatment of
patients. A clinical observation is based on a person's observed
condition and symptoms, as distinguished from laboratory findings. an organized procedure for
determining the effectiveness of a new drug or therapy by administering
the agent to volunteers under controlled conditions. In many clinical
trials, new treatments are compared against older standard treatments or
an inactive substance (placebo). a sticky mass of coagulated
blood cells and platelets. a protein (e.g., fibrinogen, prothrombin, Factor VIII) that is necessary for normal blood clotting. Several clotting factors are synthesized by the liver and production may be impaired when the liver is damaged. People with clotting factor deficiencies may experience prolonged bleeding and easy bruising. Coagulopathy: increased bleeding tendency due to decreased hepatic synthesis of clotting factors.
an antioxidant agent that is
necessary for the proper activity of certain enzymes. a factor that influences the progression of a disease or the action of a disease-causing agent.
reduction in mental functioning
and ability to carry out tasks that require thinking, planning, and
memory. a group of individuals in a
study who share a demographic, clinical, or other characteristic. concurrent infection with more
than one disease-causing organism (e.g., HCV and HIV). a cytokine responsible for
regulating the production of white blood cells. Types include
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). breast fluid produced
during the first few days after a baby's birth (prior to milk
production) that contains proteins, immunoglobulins, and immune cells.
a state of deep unconsciousness;
a vegetative state. use of two or more drugs
together to improve the effectiveness of treatment. In HCV treatment,
the term most often refers to the use of interferon plus ribavirin.
Contrast with monotherapy. an FDA classification that
allows individuals to use experimental drugs prior to their approval for
a serious illness for which there is no other suitable treatment. an alternative therapy that is
used in conjunction with a standard Western treatment. (CBC): an inventory of the
cellular components of the blood, including red blood cell count,
hematocrit and hemoglobin, white blood cell count, and platelet count.
a method of viewing the soft
tissues of the body using X-rays. a sheath made of latex,
polyurethane, or animal membrane that is worn over the penis to hold
ejaculated semen. Condoms are used to prevent pregnancy; latex and
polyurethane condoms also protect against HIV, HCV a statistical measure of
the likelihood that an experimental result is "true" and not the result
of chance alone. heart dysfunction that leads to
a build-up of fluids in the body. inflammation of the conjunctiva,
a membrane that cover the eye and lines the eyelid. a preparation that contains a
variety of different types of interferon. birth control; a device or
method that prevents conception (fertilization), implantation, or
successful gestation. any circumstance or
condition that makes a drug or other method of treatment inadvisable in
a particular case. a comparison group in a clinical
trial that is used to verify an experimental result. A control group is
typically given an older standard treatment or a placebo rather than the
new experimental treatment under study. a clinical trial in which a
group receiving an experimental treatment is compared to a control group
that is given a standard treatment or a placebo. Roche’s brand of ribavirin. see
RIBAVIRIN. the inner part of a virus that
contains its genetic material. damage to or blockage of the
arteries that provide blood to the heart muscle. a steroid hormone (e.g.,
prednisone, cortisone) produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland or
manufactured synthetically. Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive properties, and are used to treat a variety of
conditions. metabolic byproduct
produced by muscles; high levels in the blood may indicate kidney
dysfunction. a type of scleroderma
characterized by a variety of different symptoms (primarily calcinosis,
Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and
telangiectasia). a condition in which
cryoglobulins form in the blood. When the blood is cooled, the
cryoglobulins clump together, causing the blood to thicken and
restricting blood flow. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia occurs in many
people with HCV, although most do not experience symptoms. CYCLOSPORINE A - Drug marketed with trade names Sandimmune and Neoral. Given to organ transplant recipients to prevent the body from rejecting the graft. Inhibits immune system from rejecting foreign tissue.
a chemical messenger (e.g.,
interferon, interleukin, tumor necrosis factor) produced by white blood
cells. Cytokines coordinate several aspects of the immune response,
including stimulating antibody production and activating killer T-cells.
a type of CD8 white blood cell
that targets and kills cells infected with viruses, bacteria, parasites,
and other microorganisms. DDATA AND SAFETY MONITORING BOARD (DSMB): a group of experts that
evaluates clinical trials for safety and ethics. DSMBs typically examine
interim data as a trial progresses and determine whether it should be
stopped or allowed to continue. a failure of the liver to compensate for damage or injury; decrease or breakdown of liver function. a late-stage cirrhosis accompanied by abnormal blood tests and other complications. At this stage of the disease, evaluation for liver transplant becomes an option. DEHYDRATION: loss or lack of water in the
body. Dehydration may result from prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, and
may disrupt many bodily processes. a state of mental confusion,
typically acute and rapid in onset, that may be caused by factors
including disease, drug use, or high fever. chronic loss of mental capacity.
Dementia may involve progressive deterioration of thinking, memory, and
motor function, and may also be associated with personality changes and
psychological symptoms such as depression. the characteristics of a
population (e.g., sex, race, age). a double-stranded nucleic acid
that encodes genetic information. DNA is made up of four chemical
building blocks (nucleotides): adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
a mood disorder characterized by
prolonged sadness or grief. removal of toxic (poisonous)
substances. Detoxification of the blood is an important function of the
liver. a disease caused by insufficient
insulin production or lack of responsiveness to insulin. Type 1
(insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset) diabetes results from an inability
of the body to produce insulin. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent or
adult-onset) diabetes occurs later is life and is associated with
decreased insulin production or insulin resistance. the determination of the
existence of a disease or condition. Diagnosis generally involves an
evaluation of a person's medical history, clinical symptoms, and
laboratory test results. a method for filtering waste
from the blood that replaces the function of the kidneys that are not
working properly. frequent, loose bowel movements.
Diarrhea may be caused by a variety of factors, including microorganisms
and as a side effect of certain drugs. Persistent diarrhea can lead to
dehydration and inadequate nutrient absorption. a medical professional
specializing in dietetics, the study of nutrition and the use of special
diets to prevent and treat disease. the organs (mouth, pharyrnx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus)
associated with ingestion and digestion of food. not having the same serostatus,
for example a couple in which one partner is HCV positive and the other
is HCV negative. an agent that increases loss of
water from the body through urination. a clinical trial in which
different doses of a drug are compared to determine which dosage has the
best balance of effectiveness and acceptable side effects. EEARLY VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (EVR): the probability of achieving a
sustained virological response early in treatment based on the decline
in HCV RNA (viral load). The generally accepted timeframe is 12 weeks
after starting treatment. swelling caused by accumulation
of fluid in body tissues. effectiveness; the ability to
achieve a desired result. see enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. a blood clot that travels
through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel, causing a
blockage. disease of the brain. See also
hepatic encephalopathy. undetectable HCV RNA at the
completion of treatment (typically Week 24 for genotypes 2 or 3; Week 48
for genotype 1). endocrine glands are ductless
glands that regulate bodily functions via hormones secreted into the
bloodstream. The endocrine system includes the hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads (ovaries and testes). a method of examining the
interior of a body cavity or hollow organ (e.g., esophagus, stomach)
using an endoscope, a narrow, flexible fiber optic instrument that
conducts light. a layer of cells that lines
blood and lymph vessels, the heart, and various body cavities. a marker of disease progression.
Endpoints may be clinical manifestations (e.g., disease symptoms, death)
or laboratory results such as ALT level or viral load (sometimes called
surrogate markers). factors used to determine
whether a person is eligible to participate in a clinical trial. See
also inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria. a protein that induces or
accelerates a chemical reaction. a laboratory test used to detect
the presence of antibodies in the blood. Eosinophils : are a type of granulocytes. They destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions (hypersensitivity). They also secrete chemical mediators that can cause bronchoconstriction in asthma.
EOT: see end-of-treatment response. the study of the frequency,
distribution, and behavior of a disease within a population. the complete elimination of an
organism from the body. a mature red blood cell.
Erythrocytes transport oxygen to the tissues of the body. a hormone produced by the
kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Genetically
engineered EPO (brand names Procrit, Epogen) is used to treat certain
types of anemia. the swallowing tube; the portion
of the digestive tract between the mouth and the stomach. he primary female sex hormone or
a synthetic analog. Estrogens stimulate the development of female
secondary sex characteristics and regulate the reproductive cycle in
women. conditions that disqualify
someone from participating in a clinical trial. Contrast with inclusion
criteria. the group of participants in a
clinical trial that receives the new experimental treatment under study.
a new drug that is being tested
as a treatment for a specific condition and has not yet been approved by
the FDA for use. FFACTOR VIII: a protein synthesized by the liver that is necessary for proper blood clotting.
Falciform ligament a condition in which an infant
loses or fails to gain weight and develops at a slower rate than
expected. a negative test result in a
person who in fact has the disease or condition being tested. Contrast
with false-positive. a positive test result in for a
person who in fact does not have the disease or condition being tested.
Contrast with false-negative. an involuntary muscle
contraction. a designation by the Food and
Drug Administration to help facilitate the development and to expedite
the review process for an experimental drug that has the potential to
address an unmet medical need for a serious or life-threatening
condition. unusual, prolonged, or excessive
tiredness. capable of being dissolved in
fat. Contrast water-soluble. an organic molecule made up of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid group. Fatty acids may be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Fatty liver (steatosis) : abnormal lipid increase in the liver.
a route of transmission of
infectious organisms which involves the transfer of fecal matter to the
mouth (e.g., by ingesting contaminated food or water, oral/anal sex).
excrement; excreted waste matter. Ferritin : is an iron storage protein found mainly in liver. It's released in blood, where it can be dosed, giving information on iron body storage. Higher than normal values can be seen in haemochromatosis
a condition characterized by
pain throughout the body, often accompanied by fatigue. liver damage in which fibrous
tissue develops and replaces normal cells. a factor produced by the liver
that is necessary for proper blood clotting. see granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor. a type of liver biopsy in which
a tissue sample is withdrawn using a very fine needle. a sudden, acute worsening of
disease symptoms. a group of viruses, several of
which cause diseases in humans. HCV is related to flaviviruses, and some
taxonomists consider the Hepacivirus genus to be part of the
Flaviviridae family. a vitamin necessary for red
blood cell production and proper neurological function; folic acid also
helps prevents neural tube defects in fetuses. the U.S. federal agency
responsible for regulating the development, use, and safety of drugs,
medical devices, cosmetics, and related products. The FDA approves new
experimental drugs based on the results of clinical trials. a diagram showing what foods are
included in a balanced diet. A healthy diet includes 6-11 servings of
breads and grains (the bottom level of the pyramid); 3-5 servings of
vegetables; 2-4 servings of fruit; 2-3 servings of meat, fish, beans, or
nuts; 2-3 servings of dairy products; and limited fats and oils. a molecule that contains an
unpaired electron. Free radicals are a byproduct of normal metabolism.
They are highly reactive and bind with other molecules. The "theft" of
electrons by free radicals can disrupt normal cellular processes and
cause cellular damage (oxidative stress). See also antioxidant. an unusually severe or
aggressive form of a disease. a severe, life-threatening form of hepatitis.
GGALL BLADDER: an organ beneath the liver where
bile is stored. a preparation of antibodies
injected to prevent or treat infection. Gamma globulin is used as
postexposure prevention for hepatitis A and hepatitis B. a liver enzyme. Elevated GGT
levels may indicate bile obstruction and liver damage. A normal GGT
level is 30-60 IU/L. inflammation of the stomach and
intestines. the medical specialty that deals
with the digestive system; a gastroenterologist treats digestive
diseases. having to do with the digestive
system, especially the stomach and intestines. the digestive tube consisting of
the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and
anus. the basic unit of heredity.
Genes contain hereditary information encoded in the form of DNA (or RNA
in some viruses). In animal and plant cells, genes are located on the
chromosome in a cell's nucleus. an approach to preventing or
treating disease by replacing, removing, or introducing genes, or
otherwise manipulating genetic material. a drug that is not protected by
a patent and may be produced by any manufacturer. a common name used to identify a
drug, as opposed to a brand name used by a particular company for
marketing (e.g., pegylated interferon is the generic name of the drug
marketed under the brand names Peg-Intron and Pegasys). manipulation of an organism's
genetic material to modify the proteins it produces. deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), the molecules that carry hereditary
information. the complete genetic code or
"blueprint" of an organism. the genetic makeup of an
organism. HCV has six major genotypes (designated by the numbers 1
through 6). In the U.S., genotype 1a/b is most prevalent, and also more
difficult to treat. See also quasispecies. a small capillary bed in the
kidney where blood filtration takes place. an inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, often due to the build-up of cryoglobulins. the conversion of glycogen to
glucose in the liver. a form of sugar that is the
body's primary fuel. The liver stores glucose after meals and releases
it again as needed. Abnormally low or high levels of glucose in the
blood may indicate a metabolic disturbance (e.g., diabetes). a human red blood cell enzyme.
G6PD deficiency can cause severe anemia. Inhibitors of endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), α-glucosidase has been shown to inhibit viral
replication and secretion. a natural antioxidant found in
the body. an amino acid; one of the
building blocks of glutathione. a carbohydrate stored in body
tissues. The liver converts glucose from food into glycogen and stores
it for later use. When needed, the liver converts glycogen back into
glucose. see licorice root. see granulocyte macrophage
colony-stimulating factor. a transplanted organ or tissue.
a type of immune system white
blood cell (e.g., neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil) that releases toxic
chemicals to kill invading microorganisms and mediate allergic
reactions. a cytokine that stimulates the
production of granulocytes. Genetically engineered G-CSF (filgrastim;
brand name Neupogen) is used to treat neutropenia. a cytokine that stimulates
growth of granulocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cell.
Genetically engineered GM-CSF (sargramostim; brand names Leukine,
Prokine) is used to treat neutropenia. an abnormally low number of
granulocytes in the circulating blood, which may lead to an increased
risk of bacterial infection. In practice, the term is used to refer to
neutropenia. HHALF-LIFE: the time required for half of
the original amount of a drug to be eliminated from the body, or for a
drug to decrease to half its original concentration in the blood. see hepatic arterial stenosis. see hepatic arterial thrombosis. ee hepatocellular carcinoma. see hematocrit. the genetic material of the
hepatitis C virus. A detectable level of HCV RNA on a viral load test
indicates that HCV is actively replicating. a drug that inhibits the action
of a virus' helicase enzyme, thus preventing the viral genetic material
from unwinding, and interfering with viral replication. the percentage of red blood
cells in a given amount of whole blood; the hematocrit reflects the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. A normal hematocrit is 40-54% for
adult men and 37-47% for adult women. having to do with the blood. the production of blood cells in
the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all types of red
and white blood cells. the iron-based pigment in red
blood cells, a component of hemoglobin that is released when red blood
cells are broken down. iron overload disease; a
disease in which iron is not properly metabolized and builds up in
tissues throughout the body, especially in the liver. the red, iron-based pigment in
red blood cells that enables them to transport oxygen. Also refers to a
test of the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. the breakdown or destruction of
red blood cells. a low red blood cell count due
to excessive cell destruction. a hereditary disease in which a
person does not produce sufficient blood clotting factors and is prone
to prolonged bleeding. a genus of viruses that includes
HCV. having to do with the
liver; also, an herbal remedy used to treat liver conditions. narrowing of the hepatic artery.
the formation of clots in
the hepatic artery. the blood vessel that delivers
oxygen-rich blood to the liver. loss of consciousness due
to advanced liver disease. When the liver is damaged, it cannot remove
toxins from the body; these toxins build up in the bloodstream causing
brain damage and other symptoms. Hepatic coma is an indication of
advanced liver failure. impaired brain function due to
advanced liver damage; this occurs when the damaged liver can no longer
effectively filter toxins from the bloodstream. surgical removal of part of the
liver; may be done to treat liver cancer. the blood vessel that carries
filtered blood from the liver to the heart. inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis may have various causes, including viruses, toxins, and heavy
alcohol consumption. a viral disease of the
liver that is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Symptoms
may include fever, fatigue, nausea, and jaundice. Hepatitis A typically
resolves on its own and does not become chronic. There is no standard
treatment for hepatitis A, but an effective vaccine is available. the virus that causes
hepatitis A. a viral disease of the
liver. Hepatitis B is a blood-borne disease, but may also be transmitted
sexually transmitted or vertically from mother to child. Symptoms may
include fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, and elevated liver
enzymes. Hepatitis B becomes chronic in about 5-10% of infected adults.
Standard treatments for hepatitis B are interferon and lamivudine; an
effective vaccine is available. a preparation of
antibodies administered as postexposure prophylaxis to prevent illness
in people exposed to the hepatitis B virus. the virus that causes hepatitis
B. the virus that causes hepatitis
C. a viral disease of the liver.
Hepatitis D is caused by a blood-borne virus that only causes disease in
people already infected with hepatitis B. the virus that causes hepatitis
D. a viral disease of the
liver. Hepatitis E is spread through the fecal-oral route. The disease
is rare in the U.S., but common in Africa and Asia. It is usually mild,
but may be severe and possibly fatal in pregnant women. the virus that causes hepatitis
E. a recently discovered
blood-borne virus that appears to be related to hepatitis C. It is not
known to cause disease. a type of primary liver cancer
seen in some people with long-term liver damage due to chronic hepatitis
C or hepatitis B. concerning localized liver
cell tissue death. the medical specialty that deals
with the liver; a hepatologist treats liver disease. enlargement of the liver.
pertaining to the kidney
failure in the presence of liver disease. toxic or poisonous to the
liver. the medicinal or therapeutic use
of plants or plant products. a common viral infection that
can cause fever blisters, genital sores, and shingles. a cellular compound that is
released in response to an allergen and causes the symptoms of allergic
reactions. a histamine analog being studied
as a treatment for chronic hepatitis C. the study or examination of body
tissues. In people with HCV, histological improvement refers to improved
liver tissue health, including decreased inflammation and reduced
fibrosis or cirrhosis. an improvement in liver
tissue condition (e.g., reduced inflammation) in response to treatment. infection with the human
immunodeficiency virus, which attacks the body's immune system. AIDS is
the late, symptomatic stage of HIV disease. tumor or cancer of the
lymphatic system. an alternative healing system
based on the theory that "like cures like." Homeopathic therapy uses
extremely diluted doses of substances that normally cause the types of
symptoms being treated. the state of equilibrium of the
body to maintain a stable internal environment. a chemical messenger (e.g.,
adrenaline, testosterone) involved in the regulation and coordination of
bodily or cellular functions. Hormones may act locally or be secreted
into the bloodstream. the administration of hormones
to replace those that the body is unable to produce; typically refers to
estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. a cell infected with a virus or
other microorganism. a slow-acting retrovirus
associated with AIDS. HIV is transmitted through blood-to-blood contact,
sexual activity, or from mother to child. a genetic marker of "self" which
prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues. an excess level of bilirubin in
the blood, characterized by jaundice, pale-colored stools, and dark
urine. an abnormally high level of
immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood. increased thyroid gland
activity and thyroid hormone overproduction a disease of the heart where
enlargement and thickening develops in one part of the heart. a low level of the blood protein
albumin. decreased thyroid gland activity
and reduced thyroid hormone production. I
IMMUNE GLOBULIN: see
antibody.
the activity of the immune
system, for example against an outside invader (e.g., bacteria, virus),
cancerous cells, or the body's own tissues (autoimmune response). the body's defense system that
protects against foreign invaders (e.g., bacteria, viruses). Some immune
defenses are nonspecific (e.g., phagocytosis), while others are directed
against specific invaders (e.g., antibody production). Organs of the
immune system include the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. resistance to disease; the
body's ability to recognize and defend against outside invaders and
cancerous cells. Immunity may be either natural or acquired (for
example, artificially induced through a vaccine). the process by which a person is
protected against illness caused by a pathogen (e.g., bacteria, virus).
Active immunization (vaccination) involves exposing a person to antigens
to prompt the body to mount an immune response (e.g., production of
antibodies). Passive immunization involves the injection of an antibody
preparation (e.g., gamma globulin). capable of mounting an immune
response. inability of the immune system
to work properly, resulting in increased susceptibility to disease. an agent that influences the
body's immune response. see immunodeficiency. a
drug or other agent that decreases immune system function. a therapy that attempts to
modify or enhance the immune response or reconstitute a damaged immune
system. see inosine monophosphate
dehyrogenase inhibitor. the number of new cases of a
disease or condition in a specific population during a given period of
time. The incidence rate is determined by dividing the number of new
cases by the total population. Contrast with prevalence. conditions that a person must
meet in order to be eligible for a clinical trial. Contrast with
exclusion criteria. the period of time between
initial exposure to an infectious microorganism and the development of
disease symptoms. the initiation phase of a
particular treatment. Typically induction therapy uses higher or more
frequent doses of a drug. Contrast with maintenance therapy. a condition in which the body is
invaded by an infectious organism (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungus). a disease or condition that can
be transmitted from one person to another. also known as consensus interferon, is marketed for the treatment of adults with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. It is currently the only FDA approved, bio-optimized interferon developed through rational drug design and the only interferon with data in the label specifically for non-responding or refractory patients. InterMune's sales force re-launched Infergen in January 2002 with an active campaign to educate U.S. hepatologists about the safe and appropriate use of Infergen, which represents new hope for the more than 50 percent of HCV patients who fail other currently available therapies. INFLAMMATION:
the body's response to tissue injury or infection,
typically characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. a mechanism designed to protect
subjects in clinical trials. Before entering a trial, participants must
sign a form stating that they have been given and understand important
information about the trial (including possible risks and benefits) and
voluntarily agree to take part. direct injection (e.g., of a
drug, nutrients) into the bloodstream. a person who uses an illegal
drug (e.g., heroin, cocaine) administered with a needle and syringe. The
term intravenous drug user (IVDU) is also sometimes used. an agent (e.g., ribavirin) that
interferes with the synthesis and storage of guanine, thus inhibiting
viral replication. a multidisciplinary group that
reviews and ensures the ethical conduct of clinical trials that include
human participants. a
peptide hormone produced in the pancreas that enables cells to use
glucose. Lack of or insensitivity to insulin results in diabetes. a condition in which the body's
tissues cannot properly use insulin, leading to blood sugar imbalances.
a method of analyzing the results of a clinical trial in which all participant who were originally assigned to an arm are analyzed, including those who dropped out due to treatment failure or side effects. Contrast with as-treated analysis.
a cytokine (messenger protein)
that plays a role in immune response. The three major classes of
interferon are alpha, beta, and gamma. a naturally occurring protein
produced by the immune system that interferes with viral replication.
Interferon-alpha (brand names include Intron-A, Roferon-A) is standard
treatment for HCV and is also approved for HBV. Side effects may include
flu-like symptoms, fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, and anxiety. a cytokine (chemical messenger),
secreted by immune system blood cells, that regulates a range of immune
functions. a standard unit of measurement.
an agent that interferes with
the translation of viral genetic material and thus inhibits viral
reproduction. inability
of the body to tolerate a drug, resulting in adverse side effects. an antibody preparation
administered intravenously to treat illness in a person whose own immune
system does not produce sufficient antibodies. brand name of
interferon-alpha-2b, produced by Schering-Plough. in the uterus; refers to events
that occur in the womb before birth. an FDA classification for
experimental drugs that are undergoing clinical trials to assess their
safety and effectiveness prior to marketing approval. a clinical researcher who is
involved with a clinical trial protocol and its implementation. The
Principal Investigator is ultimately responsible for the conduct of the
trial. Latin
for "in glass"; refers to studies done in a test tube or culture medium
in the laboratory. Latin for "in a living
organism"; refers to studies done using human or animal subjects. an important trace element
needed for the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. High levels
of iron can be toxic to the liver. |